Are stiffer frames always faster?

Stiffer, lighter, faster! It seems nearly every newly-launched race bike aims for the superlative in all three of this holy trinity. Weight is easily quantifiable, aerodynamics ditto – but stiffness is more difficult to assess.

Instead, we tend to read about frames that are ‘15 per cent stiffer’ than the previous model, or ‘as stiff as the last model, but lighter – so stiffness-to- weight is improved’. These more woolly claims are largely used because different brands have their own methods of testing stiffness, and a bit like the ‘mine goes to 11’ method of indexing shoe stiffness, the scales aren’t comparable.

The numbers don’t compare

Stiffness tests, in general, are completed by hanging weights from a frame and measuring flexion in millimetres. There are industry standard tests, which frames have to pass. There are standard testing rigs – such as those from Zedler, and it’s possible to test all bikes in one rig and compare numbers. If you’ve got the rig.

But many brands have their own additional measures.

“We load areas that represent real-world riding experiences, as closely as possible,” explains Doug Russell,

engineer at Specialized. “We got there over years of research, strain gauging bikes, to see what areas of the frame are being loaded or stressed, then we developed stiffness tests to replicate that as closely

as possible.”

Italian brand Basso gives a finite number, testing the head tube and bottom bracket by inserting a lever to 30cm, and hanging a 50kg weight from it. The millimetres of movement is painted onto frames such as the Diamante.

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The reason many brands don’t give a finite number is that they can mean very little to the consumer. Specialized’s road category lead, Stewart Thompson chimes in, adding, “it’s difficult to say ‘it’s four millimetres’ or ‘it’s 120 Newton metres/mm’ – partly as that doesn’t mean a lot to people, but also because there isn’t one number that can measure stiffness, nor are most companies measuring it in identical ways.”

Stiffer isn’t always faster

There was a time when frames weren’t stiff enough. As Russell confirms: “In the early days of Tarmac we had riders like Tom Boonen who really highlighted the fact that our frames were lacking stiffness in certain areas.”

These days, most brands can make a bike that won’t handle like a noodle. Specialized says its focus is on responsiveness now, which often comes down to stiffness-to-weight. Yet for some, the pursuit of stiffness continues.

Lecturer at The Bicycle Academy and bike builder Tom Sturdy explains: “Theoretically a stiffer frame will be more efficient as there are fewer losses in the system. In practice, I believe the answer is more complex.”

Whilst a stiff frame might, in theory, mean all the rider’s power is translated into forward momentum, in reality, it may cause them to fatigue more quickly. On uneven roads a lack of flex could be a detriment, in the same way hard tyres can be inefficient as they skit over the surface.

Both Sturdy and the representatives from Specialized confirmed that in blind tests, riders have failed to pick out a stiffer frame when directly asked. Instead, many find they’re faster on a bike with more give – sometimes even attributing this to ‘more stiffness’. When reported by a rider, ‘stiffness’, like ride quality, is a subjective term.

“I have built frames that I know to be flexible relative to people’s existing frame of reference yet will often get feedback that they feel stiff and riders are setting PBs,” Sturdy, builder at Sturdy Cycles, says.

“In an absolute sense a stiffer frame will certainly convert more of a rider’s effort into useful movement. In reality, though, we have to consider the relationship between rider and machine and that is a bit more complex; a rider may well able to generate a more efficient effort on a frame that is a bit more forgiving, resulting in a net performance gain.”

Handling vs compliance

One area of confusion is that ‘handling stiffness’ often gets mixed up in people’s minds with rigidity versus compliance.

Handling stiffness is very much about how much the bike twists when we change our plane of movement. It’s critically measured at the head tube and bottom bracket.

“The areas with most torsion applied from the rider are the BB and head tube,” says Basso’s Josh Riddle. “Strengthening them makes for a snappier, more reactive, better-handling frame.”

The targets for this stiffness – and resultant good handling – don’t change much between road race and endurance bikes, according to Specialized. What does change is the level of compliance afforded. However, while carbon layup does play a part, much of this comes down to other areas: geometry, the tyres specced, even adding suspension.

“Compliance targets in endurance bikes are different – for example, we can use the FutureShock. But the stiffness targets are similar, if not identical. Those numbers equate to a certain handling response.”

“If I go and ride the Diverge [adventure road bike], it’s very smooth and compliant, but it doesn’t mean it has low stiffness,” Russell says.

How much the brand’s marketing material talks about stiffness also changes – largely to suit the priorities of the rider’s internal shopping list.

“[In marketing material] we speak accurately about the attributes of the bike, but we always just highlight things that are more relevant to a certain rider. There are more factors relevant to a gravel rider, but frame stiffness is a little lower on their list,” Steward adds.

Adjusting stiffness to rider weight

It’s very easy to make a small frame very stiff, and it’s very easy to make a large frame very flexible. The difficulty here is that typically smaller riders put out less power, so need less stiffness, and taller riders put out more power, which calls for greater stiffness. Bike designers are effectively fighting physics at both ends of the scale.

Specialized says it does this by embedding more material into the smaller frames.

“We’ve never made a small frame that was not stiff enough, you’re always bordering on more stiff than we would like,” says Russell, speaking before the launch of the SL7. “A Tarmac SL6, in a small size frame, is not any lighter than a 56 because we purposefully put extra material in there that’s not as stiff, so you’d get more flex in there than you would a 56. That means our small bikes don’t chatter as much as a small bike from competitors,” Russell notes.

As he points out, this approach isn’t uniform. Sturdy says very few brands use a size-specific approach:

“Generally speaking, it’s not done as much as you might assume: most frames will be designed around a ‘load case’ that is set out in an internationally agreed standard. This test does not prescribe different loads for different sizes of bikes and so as a result when you benchmark it against this test, most models will offer fairly similar performance, irrespective of size.

“Again, when producing a bike specifically for one individual, I have the opportunity to optimise things a bit more but unless size-specific load cases are introduced into the agreed testing standards, I doubt that the current situation would change much for mass-produced bikes.”

What about you?

As a consumer, if you want to buy a bike you’ll no doubt be bombarded with hyberbole and claims that are impossible to verify. You’ll hear that this bike is 20 per cent stiffer than its predecessor and 20 per cent stiffer than the one before that – which frankly means nothing if you never rode the first one. So what do you focus on?

Well, it’s unlikely the correct answer is ‘buy the stiffest bike you can’. Closer to the truth would be: do your research, and test ride whenever you can.

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“A lot of bikes are pretty good these days,” Thompson admits. “Test ride a bike before you buy it, listen to bike shop advice, advice from reviewers. If I was a really tall guy, I might take advice from a tall friend of mine, or a tall reviewer, much more than I would from a smaller rider – and vice versa.”

Think about the kind of riding you’re going to be doing and the sort of rider you are. Are you sprinting all-out, all the time?

“If you’re opening up a sprint, you might appreciate the all-or-nothing bike, if you’re trying to hold an average speed over the course of a 100-miler, maybe the more flexible one is best,” Sturdy says.

If you’re a smaller, lighter rider, bear in mind that not all frames will be adequately tuned – you might genuinely be experiencing a bumpier ride than your taller buddies on the same model.

Finally, while the frame is at the absolute heart of a bike, there’s so much more to ‘ride quality’. Asked if consumers are better off ignoring stiffness claims altogether, and focusing on geometry and componentry, Sturdy replies “yes”.

This feature originally appeared in the print edition of Cycling Weekly, on sale in newsagents and supermarkets, priced £3.25.

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